Inheritance of Traits
HS-LS3.A
Expii topics
- Growth and Division of Cells: Sexual Reproduction
- Advanced Biology: Meiosis
- Homologous Chromosomes
- Meiosis I Separates Homologues
- Meiosis II Separates Sister Chromatids
- Crossing-Over
- Overview of Meiosis
- Review of Sexual Reproduction
- Overview of Sexual Reproduction
- Meiosis and Fertilization Convert Haploid and Diploid Cells
- Cell Cycle Control
- Overview of Cell Cycle Control
- Restriction Points (Checkpoints)
- What Is a Checkpoint?
- G1 Checkpoint
- Signals Regulating Cell Cycle
- Growth Factors and Mitogens
- Density-Dependent Inhibition
- Anchorage Dependence
- The Cell Cycle
- Overview of the Cell Cycle
- G1 Phase
- S Phase
- G2 Phase
- Binary Fission
- Origin of Replication
- All Cells Must Reproduce
- Chromosomes and Chromatids
- Diploid (Somatic) vs. Haploid (Gamete) Cells
- Clonal Reproduction
- Overview: Role of Cells in Sexual Reproduction
- Somatic Mutation
- Inherited Predisposition to Cancer
- Genes Involved in Cancer
- Oncogenes
- Hyperactivation of Oncogenes Promotes Proliferation
- Tumor-Suppressor Genes
- P53 Gene: Activates Response to DNA Damage
- Red Blood Cell Diseases: Sickle Cell Anemia
- Chromosomal Inheritance
- Chromosomes as Units of Inheritance
- Gene Linkage
- Nearby Genes on Same Chromosome Are Inherited Together
- Linkage Maps
- Homologous Recombination
- Homologous Recombination (Crossing Over)
- Sex-Linked Genes
- Genes on X and Y Chromosomes Are Linked to Gender
- Inheritance of Sex-Linked Genes
- X Inactivation in Female Mammals
- Calico Cats
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Breakage: Deletion
- Chromosome Breakage: Duplication
- Chromosome Breakage: Inversion
- Chromosome Breakage: Translocation
- Disorders of Chromosome Structure
- Down's Syndrome
- Aneuploidy of Sex Chromosomes
- Klinefelter Syndrome: XXY
- Turner Syndrome: XO
- Transposons
- Mendelian Genetics: Genes and Inheritance
- Genes as Heritable Units
- Traits and Phenotypes
- Overview of Mendelian Genetics
- Mendel's Model of Genetics
- Alleles as Gene Variants
- Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles
- Segregation of Alleles
- Two Alleles: Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Mendel's Pea Experiments
- Crossing Pea Plants
- F1 Generation: No Blending
- F2 Generation: Ratios of Traits
- Predicting Phenotype Probability in Mendelian Inheritance
- Probability Governs Mendelian Genetics
- Punnet Squares
- Recessive Inheritance: Carriers
- Beyond Mendel's Laws: Non-Mendelian Inheritance
- Complexities Beyond Mendel's Model
- Transmission of Organelle DNA
- Transmission of Parasitic DNA
- Epigenetics
- Parental Imprinting
- Molecular Mechanisms for Epigenetics
- What Is Epigenetics?
- Complications for Single-Gene Inheritance
- Codominance and Incomplete Dominance
- Multiple Alleles
- Pleiotropy
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- ABO Blood Type
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Interactions of Multiple Genes
- Epistasis
- Polygenic Inheritance
- Multifactorial Inheritance
- Interactions of Genes and Environment
- Connecting Genotype to Phenotype
- Dominant vs. Recessive at the Molecular Level
- Expression of Cystic Fibrosis
- Expression of Huntington's Disease
- Family Trees and Pedigrees
- What Is a Pedigree?
- Analyzing Pedigrees to Deduce Genotypes
- Problems with Consanguinous Mating
- Genetic Testing and Screening
- Identifying Carriers
- Motivation and Overview of Genetic Testing
- Fetal Testing
- Newborn Screening
- Drosophila as a Model Organism
- Mice as a Model Organism
- Establishing Stable Lines
- Budding Yeast
- Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Definition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Predicting Phenotype Frequency from Allele Frequency
- Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- Calculating Allele Frequency from Phenotype Frequency
- Gene Pool
- What Is a Population?
- Gene Pool of a Population
- Allele Frequencies
- Evolution Alters Allele Frequencies
- Chick Embryos
- Drosophila (Frut Fly)
- Xenopus
- Zebrafish
- C. Elegans
- Sea Urchin
- Zygote Poles and the Anterior / Posterior Axis
- Homeotic Genes
- Hox Genes
- Gastrula Organizer
- What Is Pattern Formation?
- Homeobox
- Genetic Tests
- Genetic Material
- Replicative Machinery
- Species Definition
- Phylogenetic Trees
- Parental Care: Behavioral Imprinting
- Genetic Basis of Behaviors
- Classifying Animals
- Animal Tree of Life
- Chordates
- Invertebrate Chordates
- Vertebrates
- Jawless Vertebrates
- Jawed Vertebrates
- Dinosaurs
- Birds
- Turtles
- Lizards and Snakes
- Crocodiles
- Origin of Mammals
- Coevolution of Plants and Insects
- Alternation of Generations
- What Is Balancing Selection?
- Balancing Selection: Heterozygote Advantage
- Balancing Selection: Frequency-Dependent Selection
- Balancing Selection: Advantage of Genetic Diversity
- Mutation Bias
- Mutagens
- Outcomes of Evolution
- Evolution and Development
- Morphological Adaptation and Convergent Evolution
- Morphological Adaptation and Coevolution
- Geographic Isolation (Allopatric Speciation)
- Sympatric Speciation
- Reproductive Barriers
- Molecular Underpinnings of Speciation
- Changes in Chromosome Number
- What Is a Species?
- Origin of Self-Replicating Molecules
- RNA World
- Genetic Engineering
- Sequencing DNA
- Inserting DNA into Cells
- Transduction
- Genome Integration
- Site-Specific Integration
- Random Insertion
- Knock-Outs
- RNAi
- Heterologous Expression
- Manipulating DNA
- PCR
- In Vitro DNA Synthesis
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression: Transcription
- Post-Transcriptional Processing
- Splicing
- mRNA Capping
- Transcription Initiation
- Transcription Start Site
- Transcription Termination
- Terminators
- Transcription Overview
- Gene Expression: Gene Regulation
- Transcription Factors
- Lac Operon Regulation
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Regulatory DNA Sequences
- Regulation via RNAs
- Why Are Genes Regulated?
- Molecular Genetics: DNA
- Structure of DNA
- Nucleotide Bases
- Base Pairing
- DNA Backbone
- 5' and 3' Ends
- DNA Replication
- DNA Polymerase
- Replication Fork
- Leading Strand Synthesis
- DNA Helicase
- Elongation
- Topoisomerase
- Primer Formation
- Okazaki Fragments
- Replication Overview
- Intro to Genetics
- RNA vs. DNA
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
- Mutations and Repair
- Mutation Mechanisms
- DNA Damage
- Replication Error
- DNA Repair
- Repair Mechanisms
- What Is a Gene?
- Structure of a Gene
- Introns and Exons
- Promoters
- 3' UTR
- 5' UTR
- Organization of Genes
- Organization of Genes: Chromosomes
- Organization of Genes: Gene Clusters
- Organization of Genes: Genomes
- Purpose of the Immune System
- Plant Defenses
- Microbial Defenses Against Viruses
- Adaptive Immunity
- Antigen Recognition
- Antigens
- Antibody Structure
- Antibody Production
- B Cells Produce Antibodies
- Immune Response
- Humoral Response
- B Cell Activation
- T Cell-Dependent Activation
- B Cell Expansion and Differentiation
- Maternal Immunity
- Vaccination
- Immune Disorders
- Allergies
- Autoimmune Diseases
- Living Things Reproduce Themselves
- Living Things Store Information
- Making New Copies of Biological Information
- Bioengineering
- Molecular Genetics: Genetic Engineering
- Neural Growth and Development: Neural Stem Cells
- Neurodegenerative Diseases: Huntington's Disease
- Ribosomes: rRNA
- Translation: tRNA
- Steps of Translation
- Initiation of Translation
- Elongation of Polypeptide Chain
- Termination of Translation
- Determining Protein Structure
- Sexual Reproduction
- What Is Sexual Reproduction?
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction