Structure and Functions
HS-LS1.A
Expii topics
- Cell Structure and Organization
- Cellular Membranes
- Structure of Membranes
- Structure of Membranes: Lipids
- Chemical Structure of Lipids — Overview & Types
- Lipids Are Amphipathic
- Cell Membranes Are Lipid Bilayers
- The Membrane as a "Fluid Mosaic"
- Proteins and Carbohydrates Are Embedded in Membranes
- Intramembrane Proteins
- Mobility Within the Membrane
- Definition of a "Fluid Mosaic"
- Cholesterol and Membrane Fluidity
- Transport Across Membranes
- Membranes Are Semipermeable
- Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
- Osmotic Pressure Proportional to Concentration Difference
- Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic Solutions
- Facilitated Diffusion Across Membranes
- Ion Channels
- Cotransporters
- Transporting Water Across Membranes
- Active Transport Across Membranes
- Ion Pumps
- Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- The Cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton: Actin
- Cell Cortex
- Overview of Actin Structure and Function
- Microtubules
- Overview of Microtubule Structure and Function
- Microtubules: Centrosomes and Centrioles
- Cilia
- Intermediate Filaments
- Nucleoid
- Bacterial Cell Wall
- Gram Positive / Gram Negative Bacteria
- Overview of Bacterial Structure
- What Are Organelles? — Definition & Overview
- Mitochondria: Structure and Function
- Function of Mitochondria
- Structure of Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts: Structure and Function
- Function of Chloroplasts
- Structure of Chloroplasts
- Endosomes, Exosomes, Lysosomes
- Lysosomes
- Overview of Vesicles
- Endosomes and Endocytosis
- Exosomes and Exocytosis
- Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
- Endomembrane System: Smooth ER
- Endomembrane System: Rough ER
- Endomembrane System: Golgi Apparatus
- The Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Nuclear Envelope
- Nuclear Pores
- Nuclear Lamina
- Vacuoles: Structure and Function
- Vacuole Functions
- Central Vacuole in Plants
- Peroxisomes
- Plastids: Structure and Function
- Genome Organization in Eukaryotes: Chromatin
- Overview of Chromatin Structure
- Nucleosomes
- Chromatin Fibers
- Plant Cell Walls: Cellulose
- Centrosomes and Centrioles
- Spindle Structure and Growth
- Kinetochores
- Examples of Quaternary Structure
- Cell-Cell Junctions
- Plasmodesmata (Plant Cells)
- Tight Junctions
- Gap Junctions
- Overview of Cell Junctions
- Overview of Mechanosensing and Mechanotransduction
- Transducing Forces Through the Cytoskeleton
- Overview of Cell Signalling
- Example: Synaptic Signalling
- Example: Hormonal Signalling
- Ligands and Receptors
- Overview of Calcium Storage and Release
- Calcium Pumps
- Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
- Protein Kinases
- Phosphatases
- Cyclic AMP
- External Signals Are Transduced Within the Cell
- Signal Amplification
- Scaffolding Proteins
- Cell Surface Receptors
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
- Enzyme-Linked Receptors
- General Structure of Cell Surface Receptors
- Cell Surface Receptors: Photoreceptors
- Signalling through Ion Channels
- Electron Transport Chains
- Chemiosmosis
- Coupling Electron Transport to ATP Synthesis
- ATP Synthase
- Cytochromes
- Oxygen Is Needed as a Final Electron Acceptor
- Location of Photosynthesis Machinery in Chloroplasts
- NADP+ as an Electron Acceptor
- Absorption Spectra of Chlorophylls
- ATP Production by Electron Transport Chain
- Photosystems
- Overview of Photosystem Components
- Structure of ATP
- Glycogen
- Lipids as Long-Term Energy Storage
- Energy Storing Molecules: Triglycerides
- Molecular Motors
- Kinesins and Dyneins
- Myosins: Sarcomere Contraction
- Sorting Components
- Sorting Vesicles
- Protein Targeting Signals
- Diffusion in the Cell
- Pluripotent vs. Multipotent Stem Cells
- Overview of Stem Cells
- Stem Cells in Medicine
- Clinical Applications of Stem Cells
- Extracellular Matrix
- Molecular Components of the Extracellular Matrix
- Organizing Cells into Tissues
- Cancer Cells Lose Cell-Cycle Controls
- Metastasis
- What Is Organogenesis?
- Somites
- Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
- Overview of Morphogenesis
- Extracellular Matrix Guides Migration
- Role of Cell-Cell Adhesion
- Cytoskeleton Drives Migration
- Morphogen Gradients
- What Are Morphogen Gradients?
- Limb Formation
- Human Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Organogenesis in Humans
- Cellulose Breakdown
- Salivary Glands
- Bacterial Cell Structure
- What Are Bacteria?
- Bacteria in Soil
- Bacteria in Humans
- Thermophilic Archaea
- Pheromone Signalling
- Endocrine Glands Secrete Hormones
- Cell Surface Hormone Receptors
- Lipid Soluble Hormones Diffuse through Cell Membrane
- Cells Transduce Hormonal Signals
- Origin of Life
- Liposomes (Protobionts)
- Diversity of Animal Excretory Systems
- Aldosterone
- Parathyroid Hormone and Urine Salt Regulation
- Excretion: Osmoregulation
- Restriction Enzymes
- Gene Expression: Transcription
- Post-Transcriptional Processing
- Splicing
- mRNA Capping
- Transcription Initiation
- RNA Polymerase
- Transcription Start Site
- Transcription Termination
- Terminators
- Lac Operon Regulation
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Molecular Genetics: DNA
- Nucleotide Bases
- Base Pairing
- Structure of Nucleotides
- DNA Backbone
- Major and Minor Grooves
- Alternate Structures
- Methylation
- 5' and 3' Ends
- DNA Replication
- DNA Polymerase
- Replication Fork
- Leading Strand Synthesis
- DNA Helicase
- Elongation
- Topoisomerase
- Lagging Strand Synthesis
- Primer Formation
- Okazaki Fragments
- Structure of RNA
- Adaptive Immunity
- Antigen Recognition
- Antigens
- Antibody Structure
- Antibody Production
- B Cells Produce Antibodies
- Immune Response
- Humoral Response
- B Cell Activation
- T Cell-Dependent Activation
- B Cell Expansion and Differentiation
- Maternal Immunity
- Vaccination
- Immune Disorders
- Allergies
- Autoimmune Diseases
- Living Things as Emergent Complex Systems
- Living Things Are More Than a Chemical Soup
- Structural and Spatial Organization of Living Things
- Case Studies: Alive or Not?
- Advanced Biology: Overview of Proteins
- Advanced Biology: Overview of Nucleic Acids
- Advanced Biology: Overview of Lipids
- Advanced Biology: Overview of Carbohydrates
- Amino Acids and Protein Structure
- Primary Structure: Peptide Chains
- Secondary Structure: Helices and Sheets
- Protein Polymers
- Ribosomes: rRNA
- Translation: tRNA
- Steps of Translation
- Initiation of Translation
- Elongation of Polypeptide Chain
- Termination of Translation
- Determining Protein Structure
- Signal Peptides and Targetting
- Chaperones
- Protein Degradation: Proteasomes
- Protein Binding
- Proteins in Signalling
- Binding Sites
- Advanced Biology: Enzymes
- What Is an Enzyme?
- Regulation of Enzymes: Enzyme Inhibitors
- Ribozymes