Extension: Geometric Interpretation of Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem

Before this, knowSlopes in Polar and Parametric Coordinates

Illustrated · 1 min

Previously, we talked about Rolle's Theorem, which states that given a function f(x)f(x) continuous on [a,b)[a,b) and differentiable on (a,b)(a,b), if f(a)=f(b)f(a)=f(b) then there exists a constant cc in (a,b)(a,b) such that f′(c)=0.f'(c)=0. Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem is a natural generalization of Rolle's Theorem (and also the Mean Value Theorem), involving two functions. It specifically states the following:

Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem: Suppose functions f(x),g(x)f(x), g(x) are continuous on [a,b][a,b] and differentiable on (a,b)(a,b). Then there exists cc in (a,b)(a,b) such that [f(b)−f(a)]g′(c)=[g(b)−g(a)]f′(c).[f(b)-f(a)]g'(c)=[g(b)-g(a)]f'(c). Or, if g(a)≠g(b)g(a)\ne g(b) and if g′(c)≠0g'(c)\ne 0, then we can also say f′(c)g′(c)=f(b)−f(a)g(b)−g(a).\frac{f'(c)}{g'(c)}=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{g(b)-g(a)}. Okay, so this resembles the regular Rolle's Theorem and Mean Value Theorem algebraically, but what does this mean geometrically? Well, we get a hint from the previous section on "parametric" Rolle's Theorem, which suggests that we consider the two functions f(x)f(x) and g(x)g(x) as parameters: i.e. setting x=f(t)x=f(t) and y=g(t)y=g(t). Using this idea, see if you can visualize this theorem geometrically:

Any ideas? Let's work on this together: suppose we plot the graph of the curve parametrized by x=f(t)x=f(t) and y(t)y(t). One example is shown below:

We notice that the right hand side of the equation above is imply the expression of the slope of the line containing (f(a),g(a))(f(a),g(a)) and (f(b),g(b))(f(b),g(b)). So geometrically, the theorem tells us that there is a value cc in (a,b)(a,b) for which the tangent line to the curve at (f(c),g(c))(f(c),g(c)) is parallel to the line connecting the two endpoints.

Type a concept, like “slope” or “photosynthesis”.

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