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Climate is the average weather of a certain location.
Influences on Climate: There are many influences on Climate. There can be external or internal forcing mechanisms. The external mechanisms can include milankovitch cycles, solar output, volcanism, plate tectonics, and etc. The internal mechanisms include ocean-atmosphere interactions, life, and etc. They are basically natural processes within the climate system itself.
Types of climates They are many climate classification systems (Koppen, Thornthwaite, and etc). However, the most popular one is the Koppen classification system. Using his system, we can divide climates into A, B, C, D, or E climate categories.
A - Moist Tropical Climates B - Dry Climates C - Humid Middle Latitude Climates D - Continental Climates E - Cold Climates
There are many finer details categorizing these groups into subgroups. This is just the general idea for an introduction on climate.